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Der Film ist eine Adaption des Buches Die Watergate-Affäre (Originaltitel: All the President's Men) von Carl Bernstein und Bob Woodward, die im Film von Dustin. Im Film Nixon wird dem Betrachter außerdem nahegelegt, dass ein um diese Verbindungen wissender Nixon selbige als Druckmittel gegen die CIA ausnutzt, um. Watergate (). Originaltitel. Watergate - Or: How We Learned to Stop an Out of Control President. FSK. keine Angabe. Regie. Watergate ein Film von Charles Ferguson mit Douglas Hodge, Stewart Alexander. Inhaltsangabe: Aus über Stunden Audiobändern, Archivmaterial und. „Die Unbestechlichen“, nicht zu verwechseln mit dem gleichnamigen Film Während andere Filme wie Nixon von Oliver Stone die Watergate-Affäre aus der. Watergate. Die Unbestechlichen. Teilen. Film von Patrick Prentice und Chana Gazit. Watergate. Quelle: ap Der Watergate-Komplex in Washington. Two reporters trail the Watergate burglary to the doorstep of the White House. Wie wichtig Redford dieser Film war, ist in jeder Szene deutlich zu spüren.
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Mit Mitchell, einem profilierten Rechtsanwalt, war Nixon zunächst geschäftlich verbunden, als er in den er Jahren in New York als Anwalt residierte. Die dramatischen Ereignisse dieses Hier bewegen sich Woodward und Bernstein hin und her, völlig abseits vom eigentlichen Skandal-Geschehen, das weit entfernt zu sein scheint. Despite the enormous impact of the Watergate scandal, the purpose of the break-in of the DNC Rodeo And Juliet has never been conclusively established. Resignation speech of President Richard Nixondelivered August 8, As long as there was such a base, I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion, that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit Kirill Serebrennikov that deliberately difficult process and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future. Rodino U. Language: English. Nixon's agreement to make the blackmail payments was regarded as an affirmative act to obstruct justice. Intelligence Offenbach Cinemaxx. Retrieved Watergate Film 23,Watergate Film 3 il film che raccontano lo scandalo Watergate Video
Save Watergate! - Watergate X - The Movie 
Unter anderem waren dort die Drahtzieher des Watergate-Einbruchs beschäftigt. Der Film macht dies unbewusst deutlich. Ein Teil der Tonbandaufnahmen ist veröffentlicht worden. Todd Phillips Christ! On the money, if you need the money you could get that. I know where it could be gotten. Robert Super 8 2011 drehte den Film Secret Honor ; in einem kammerspielartigen Format wird darin Ritterrüstung Kaufen, wie sich die Affäre aus der Sicht Richard Prisoners 2 Film dargestellt haben könnte. Auch Nixons Unterstützung im Senat war nun sehr schwach. Isolation Präsident und seine engsten Berater formten ein manichäisches Freund-Feind-Denken aus, das sich durch anfängliche Misserfolge der Regierungspolitik noch verstärkte. On October 10, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein reported that the FBI had determined that the Watergate break-in was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage on behalf of the Nixon re-election committee.
Despite these revelations, Nixon's campaign was never seriously jeopardized; on November 7, the President was re-elected in one of the biggest landslides in American political history.
The connection between the break-in and the re-election committee was highlighted by media coverage—in particular, investigative coverage by The Washington Post , Time , and The New York Times.
The coverage dramatically increased publicity and consequent political and legal repercussions. Relying heavily upon anonymous sources , Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deeply into the upper reaches of the Justice Department, FBI, CIA, and the White House.
Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller , the bookkeeper for Nixon's re-election campaign, who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed.
Chief among the Post's anonymous sources was an individual whom Woodward and Bernstein had nicknamed Deep Throat ; 33 years later, in , the informant was identified as William Mark Felt, Sr.
Felt met secretly with Woodward several times, telling him of Howard Hunt's involvement with the Watergate break-in, and that the White House staff regarded the stakes in Watergate as extremely high.
Felt warned Woodward that the FBI wanted to know where he and other reporters were getting their information, as they were uncovering a wider web of crimes than the FBI first disclosed.
All the secret meetings between Woodward and Felt took place at an underground parking garage somewhere in Rosslyn over a period from June to January During this early period, most of the media failed to understand the full implications of the scandal, and concentrated reporting on other topics related to the presidential election.
After the Post revealed that H. Haldeman made payments from the secret fund, newspapers like the Chicago Tribune and the Philadelphia Inquirer failed to publish the information, but did publish the White House's denial of the story the following day.
After it was learned that one of the convicted burglars wrote to Judge Sirica alleging a high-level cover-up, the media shifted its focus.
Time magazine described Nixon as undergoing "daily hell and very little trust". The distrust between the press and the Nixon administration was mutual and greater than usual due to lingering dissatisfaction with events from the Vietnam War.
Nixon and top administration officials discussed using government agencies to "get" or retaliate against those they perceived as hostile media organizations.
In , the White House requested an audit of the tax return of the editor of Newsday , after he wrote a series of articles about the financial dealings of Charles "Bebe" Rebozo , a friend of Nixon.
The Administration and its supporters accused the media of making "wild accusations", putting too much emphasis on the story, and of having a liberal bias against the Administration.
Applications to journalism schools reached an all-time high in Rather than ending with the conviction and sentencing to prison of the five Watergate burglars on January 30, , the investigation into the break-in and the Nixon Administration's involvement grew broader.
Nixon created a new conspiracy—to effect a cover-up of the cover-up—which began in late March and became fully formed in May and June , operating until his presidency ended on August 9, In an attempt to make them talk, Sirica gave Hunt and two burglars provisional sentences of up to 40 years.
On April 13, Magruder told U. John Dean believed that he, Mitchell, Ehrlichman, and Haldeman could go to the prosecutors, tell the truth, and save the presidency.
Dean wanted to protect the president and have his four closest men take the fall for telling the truth.
During the critical meeting between Dean and Nixon on April 15, , Dean was totally unaware of the president's depth of knowledge and involvement in the Watergate cover-up.
It was during this meeting that Dean felt that he was being recorded. He wondered if this was due to the way Nixon was speaking, as if he were trying to prod attendees' recollections of earlier conversations about fundraising.
Dean mentioned this observation while testifying to the Senate Committee on Watergate, exposing the thread of what were taped conversations that would unravel the fabric of the conspiracy.
Two days later, Dean told Nixon that he had been cooperating with the U. On that same day, U. On April 30, Nixon asked for the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman, two of his most influential aides.
They were both later indicted, convicted, and ultimately sentenced to prison. He asked for the resignation of Attorney General Kleindienst, to ensure no one could claim that his innocent friendship with Haldeman and Ehrlichman could be construed as a conflict.
He fired White House Counsel John Dean, who went on to testify before the Senate Watergate Committee and said that he believed and suspected the conversations in the Oval Office were being taped.
This information became the bombshell that helped force Richard Nixon to resign rather than be impeached. Writing from prison for New West and New York magazines in , Ehrlichman claimed Nixon had offered him a large sum of money, which he declined.
In one of the most difficult decisions of my Presidency, I accepted the resignations of two of my closest associates in the White House, Bob Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, two of the finest public servants it has been my privilege to know.
Because Attorney General Kleindienst, though a distinguished public servant, my personal friend for 20 years, with no personal involvement whatsoever in this matter has been a close personal and professional associate of some of those who are involved in this case, he and I both felt that it was also necessary to name a new Attorney General.
The Counsel to the President , John Dean, has also resigned. On the same day, April 30, Nixon appointed a new attorney general, Elliot Richardson , and gave him authority to designate a special counsel for the Watergate investigation who would be independent of the regular Justice Department hierarchy.
In May , Richardson named Archibald Cox to the position. On Friday, July 13, during a preliminary interview, deputy minority counsel Donald Sanders asked White House assistant Alexander Butterfield if there was any type of recording system in the White House.
On Monday, July 16, in front of a live, televised audience, chief minority counsel Fred Thompson asked Butterfield whether he was "aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the president".
Butterfield's revelation of the taping system transformed the Watergate investigation. Cox immediately subpoenaed the tapes, as did the Senate, but Nixon refused to release them, citing his executive privilege as president, and ordered Cox to drop his subpoena.
Cox refused. On October 20, , after Cox refused to drop the subpoena, Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire the special prosecutor.
Richardson resigned in protest rather than carry out the order. Though Bork said he believed Nixon's order was valid and appropriate, he considered resigning to avoid being "perceived as a man who did the President's bidding to save my job".
These actions met considerable public criticism. Responding to the allegations of possible wrongdoing, in front of Associated Press managing editors at Disney's Contemporary Resort [60] [61] on November 17, , Nixon emphatically stated, "Well, I'm not a crook.
On March 1, , a grand jury in Washington, D. Haldeman , John Ehrlichman , John N. Mitchell , Charles Colson , Gordon C. Strachan , Robert Mardian , and Kenneth Parkinson —for conspiring to hinder the Watergate investigation.
The grand jury secretly named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator. The special prosecutor dissuaded them from an indictment of Nixon, arguing that a President can be indicted only after he leaves office.
On April 5, , Dwight Chapin , the former Nixon appointments secretary, was convicted of lying to the grand jury.
Two days later, the same grand jury indicted Ed Reinecke , the Republican Lieutenant Governor of California , on three charges of perjury before the Senate committee.
The Nixon administration struggled to decide what materials to release. All parties involved agreed that all pertinent information should be released.
Whether to release unedited profanity and vulgarity divided his advisers. His legal team favored releasing the tapes unedited, while Press Secretary Ron Ziegler preferred using an edited version where " expletive deleted " would replace the raw material.
After several weeks of debate, they decided to release an edited version. Nixon announced the release of the transcripts in a speech to the nation on April 29, Nixon noted that any audio pertinent to national security information could be redacted from the released tapes.
Initially, Nixon gained a positive reaction for his speech. As people read the transcripts over the next couple of weeks, however, former supporters among the public, media and political community called for Nixon's resignation or impeachment.
Vice President Gerald Ford said, "While it may be easy to delete characterization from the printed page, we cannot delete characterization from people's minds with a wave of the hand.
The editors of The Chicago Tribune , a newspaper that had supported Nixon, wrote, "He is humorless to the point of being inhumane. He is devious.
He is vacillating. He is profane. He is willing to be led. He displays dismaying gaps in knowledge. He is suspicious of his staff. His loyalty is minimal.
They were disturbed by the bad language and the coarse, vindictive tone of the conversations in the transcripts. The issue of access to the tapes went to the United States Supreme Court.
On July 24, , in United States v. Nixon , the Court ruled unanimously 8—0 that claims of executive privilege over the tapes were void.
The Court ordered the President to release the tapes to the special prosecutor. On July 30, , Nixon complied with the order and released the subpoenaed tapes to the public.
In this conversation, Dean summarized many aspects of the Watergate case, and focused on the subsequent cover-up, describing it as a "cancer on the presidency".
The burglary team was being paid hush money for their silence and Dean stated: "That's the most troublesome post-thing, because Bob [Haldeman] is involved in that; John [Ehrlichman] is involved in that; I am involved in that; Mitchell is involved in that.
And that's an obstruction of justice. Nixon replied that the money should be paid: " At the time of the initial congressional proceedings, it was not known if Nixon had known and approved of the payments to the Watergate defendants earlier than this conversation.
Nixon said: "Well That's all there is to that. They have to be paid. Nixon's agreement to make the blackmail payments was regarded as an affirmative act to obstruct justice.
Rose Mary Woods , Nixon's longtime personal secretary, said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong pedal on her tape player when answering the phone.
The press ran photos of the set-up, showing that it was unlikely for Woods to answer the phone while keeping her foot on the pedal. Later forensic analysis in determined that the tape had been erased in several segments—at least five, and perhaps as many as nine.
Nixon's position was becoming increasingly precarious. On February 6, , the House of Representatives approved H. The Committee recommended the second article, abuse of power , on July 29, The next day, on July 30, , the Committee recommended the third article: contempt of Congress.
On August 20, , the House authorized the printing of the Committee report H. On August 5, , the White House released a previously unknown audio tape from June 23, Recorded only a few days after the break-in, it documented the initial stages of the cover-up: it revealed Nixon and Haldeman had conducted a meeting in the Oval Office during which they discussed how to stop the FBI from continuing its investigation of the break-in, as they recognized that there was a high risk that their position in the scandal may be revealed.
Nixon approved the plan, and after he was given more information about the involvement of his campaign in the break-in, he told Haldeman: "All right, fine, I understand it all.
We won't second-guess Mitchell and the rest. Good deal. Play it tough. That's the way they play it and that's the way we are going to play it.
Nixon denied that this constituted an obstruction of justice, as his instructions ultimately resulted in the CIA truthfully reporting to the FBI that there were no national security issues.
Nixon urged the FBI to press forward with the investigation when they expressed concern about interference. Before the release of this tape, Nixon had denied any involvement in the scandal.
He claimed that there were no political motivations in his instructions to the CIA, and claimed he had no knowledge before March 21, , of involvement by senior campaign officials such as John Mitchell.
Clair , that "the President had lied to the nation, to his closest aides, and to his own lawyers—for more than two years". In the week before Nixon's resignation, Ehrlichman and Haldeman tried unsuccessfully to get Nixon to grant them pardons—which he had promised them before their April resignations.
The release of the "smoking gun" tape destroyed Nixon politically. The ten congressmen who had voted against all three articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee announced they would all support the impeachment article accusing Nixon of obstructing justice when the articles came up before the full House.
Scott and Rhodes were the Republican leaders in the Senate and House, respectively; Goldwater was brought along as an elder statesman. The three lawmakers told Nixon that his support in Congress had all but disappeared.
Rhodes told Nixon that he would face certain impeachment when the articles came up for vote in the full House; indeed, by one estimate, no more than 75 representatives were willing to oppose impeachment.
Faced with the inevitability of his removal from office and that public opinion was not in his favor, Nixon decided to resign.
In all the decisions I have made in my public life, I have always tried to do what was best for the Nation. Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate, I have felt it was my duty to persevere, to make every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me.
In the past few days, however, it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort.
As long as there was such a base, I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion, that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit of that deliberately difficult process and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future.
I would have preferred to carry through to the finish whatever the personal agony it would have involved, and my family unanimously urged me to do so.
But the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations. From the discussions I have had with Congressional and other leaders, I have concluded that because of the Watergate matter I might not have the support of the Congress that I would consider necessary to back the very difficult decisions and carry out the duties of this office in the way the interests of the Nation would require.
I have never been a quitter. To leave office before my term is completed is abhorrent to every instinct in my body.
But as President, I must put the interest of America first. America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress, particularly at this time with problems we face at home and abroad.
To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home.
Therefore, I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow. Vice President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office.
The morning that his resignation took effect, the President, with Mrs. Nixon and their family, said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room.
Nixon later wrote that he thought, "As the helicopter moved on to Andrews, I found myself thinking not of the past, but of the future.
What could I do now? With Nixon's resignation, Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings. Criminal prosecution was still a possibility at the federal level.
He said that the Nixon family's situation "is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part.
It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must.
Nixon continued to proclaim his innocence until his death in In his official response to the pardon, he said that he "was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate, particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy".
Some commentators have argued that pardoning Nixon contributed to President Ford's loss of the presidential election of Haig was explaining what he and Nixon's staff thought were Nixon's only options.
He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate all the way, or he could resign.
His options for resigning were to delay his resignation until further along in the impeachment process, to try to settle for a censure vote in Congress, or to pardon himself and then resign.
Haig told Ford that some of Nixon's staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him.
Haig emphasized that these weren't his suggestions. He didn't identify the staff members and he made it very clear that he wasn't recommending any one option over another.
What he wanted to know was whether or not my overall assessment of the situation agreed with his. Next he asked if I had any suggestions as to courses of actions for the President.
I didn't think it would be proper for me to make any recommendations at all, and I told him so. Charles Colson pled guilty to charges concerning the Daniel Ellsberg case; in exchange, the indictment against him for covering up the activities of the Committee to Re-elect the President was dropped, as it was against Strachan.
The remaining five members of the Watergate Seven indicted in March went on trial in October On January 1, , all but Parkinson were found guilty.
In , the U. Court of Appeals ordered a new trial for Mardian; subsequently, all charges against him were dropped. Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Mitchell exhausted their appeals in Ehrlichman entered prison in , followed by the other two in Since Nixon and many senior officials involved in Watergate were lawyers, the scandal severely tarnished the public image of the legal profession.
The Watergate scandal resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty, including: [14].
To defuse public demand for direct federal regulation of lawyers as opposed to leaving it in the hands of state bar associations or courts , the American Bar Association ABA launched two major reforms.
In it replaced it with the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Its preamble contains an emphatic reminder that the legal profession can remain self-governing only if lawyers behave properly.
The requirement remains in effect. On June 24 and 25, , Nixon gave secret testimony to a grand jury. Aided by the Public Citizen Litigation Group , the historian Stanley Kutler , who has written several books about Nixon and Watergate and had successfully sued for the public release of the Nixon White House tapes , [] sued for release of the transcripts of the Nixon grand jury testimony.
On July 29, , U. District Judge Royce Lamberth granted Kutler's request, saying historical interests trumped privacy, especially considering that Nixon and other key figures were deceased, and most of the surviving figures had testified under oath, have been written about, or were interviewed.
The transcripts were not immediately released pending the government's decision on whether to appeal. In June the U. Department of Justice wrote the court that it would not object to their release with some exceptions.
According to Thomas J. Johnson, a professor of journalism at University of Texas at Austin , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted during Nixon's final days that history would remember Nixon as a great president and that Watergate would be relegated to a "minor footnote".
When Congress investigated the scope of the president's legal powers, it belatedly found that consecutive presidential administrations had declared the United States to be in a continuous open-ended state of emergency since Congress enacted the National Emergencies Act in to regulate such declarations.
The Watergate scandal left such an impression on the national and international consciousness that many scandals since then have been labeled with the " -gate suffix ".
Disgust with the revelations about Watergate, the Republican Party, and Nixon strongly affected results of the November Senate and House elections , which took place three months after Nixon's resignation.
The Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and forty-nine in the House the newcomers were nicknamed " Watergate Babies ".
Congress passed legislation that changed campaign financing , to amend the Freedom of Information Act , as well as to require financial disclosures by key government officials via the Ethics in Government Act.
Other types of disclosures, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected, though not legally required.
Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations but the practice purportedly ended after Watergate.
Ford's pardon of Nixon played a major role in his defeat in the presidential election against Jimmy Carter. Written By. Random House Publishing Group.
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Patient compendium drawing from hours of audio tapes, archival footage, declassified documents, et al, weaves a rich texture of understanding, particularly effective in flashbacks from
Barker's multiple national and international businesses all had separate Das Blaue Zimmer accounts, which he was found to have attempted to use to disguise the true origin of the money being paid to the burglars. Deep Throat speaks in riddles and metaphors, avoiding substantial facts about the Watergate break-in, but keeps advising Woodward to " follow the money. Impeachment Tilli Breidenbach. Special Prosecutors and Independent Counsels of the U. Howard Hunt e dei numeri di telefono della Medicopter 117 Folgen Bianca. Nixon Hanka Rakwitz their family, said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room.Watergate Film Navigation menu Video
Watergate Plus 30 (2003) Oktober beim London Film Festival zu sehen. Der Film war erstmals am Watergate war auch ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Verabschiedung sowohl des Freedom of Information Act als auch neuer Gesetze, die Regierungsangehörige zur Offenlegung ihrer Gzsz Frederic Tot zwingen. Umfangreiche Ermittlungen des FBI offenbarten alsbald, dass die Captain Underpants Deutsch des Watergate-Einbruchs unter Taken 3 Stream German Mitarbeitern des Präsidenten beziehungsweise seines Wahlkomitees zu suchen waren. Nixon hatte das System mit den Bändern keineswegs selbst erfunden, sondern er fand Watergate Film System bei seinem Amtsantritt vor. Die dramatischen Ereignisse dieses Das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis. Watergate, Vietnam, aber auch die Golfkriege und andere Tatort Schauen amerikanischer Politik stehen in bezug auf die Rolle der Vereinigten Staaten im Zeichen einer weitestgehenden Freiluftkino Augsburg der amerikanischen Bevölkerung im Grundsatz. Die Anhörungen, die vom Watergate-Ausschuss des Aladdin Film Deutsch Komplett durchgeführt wurden und in denen Dean als Hauptzeuge neben vielen anderen ehemaligen Schlüsselpersonen der Nixon-Regierung ein verheerendes Zeugnis ausstellte, wurden fast während des gesamten Sommers im Fernsehen übertragen und verursachten einen katastrophalen politischen Schaden für Nixon.
Dalhberg, uno dei dirigenti della campagna elettorale di Nixon del Nel mese di settembre , mentre l'inchiesta del Grand jury sembrava esaursi definitivamente con la messa in stato d'accusa solo dei responsabili diretti e di Hunt e Liddy, Woodward e Bernstein invece continuarono a cercare di rintracciare altre informazioni contattando diversi dipendenti del CRP, alcuni dei quali erano desiderosi di dare un aiuto, nonostante la loro reticenza a parlare e i timori di essere coinvolti nell'affare [23].
Il direttore del giornale Bradlee decise di pubblicare regolarmente l'articolo nonostante le minacce di Mitchell. Woodward e Bernstein continuarono la pubblicazione di articoli sensazionali il 10 ottobre quando, citando un rapporto riservato dell'FBI, affermarono che il Watergate faceva parte di "una campagna massiccia di spionaggio e sabotaggio politico diretta da alti funzionari della Casa Bianca e del Comitato per la rielezione del presidente"; i fondi di queste operazioni sarebbero stati controllati da Mitchell e dai suoi principali collaboratori, tra cui Stans e Magruder.
Bernstein venne a sapere che Segretti aveva condotto tra il e il una serie di azioni per infiltrare e disorganizzare il campo democratico diffondendo notize false, e che egli era all'origine della famosa " Lettera Canuck " che aveva compromesso la candidatura presidenziale di Edmund Muskie [26].
Nel Bernstein e Woodward riceveranno il Premio Pulitzer per le loro inchieste sul caso Watergate. Nel novembre Richard Nixon venne trionfalmente rieletto alla presidenza degli Stati Uniti con una schiacciante maggioranza di voti.
L'8 gennaio gli scassinatori originali, insieme a Liddy e Hunt, subirono il processo. Tutti, eccetto McCord e Liddy, si dichiararono colpevoli e tutti furono condannati per cospirazione, furto con scasso e intercettazioni telefoniche.
Le udienze tenute dal Comitato senatoriale sul Watergate, in cui il consigliere della Casa Bianca John Dean era il principale testimone e in cui molti altri ex impiegati in posti chiave dell'amministrazione diedero una testimonianza drammatica, furono messe in onda dal 17 maggio al 7 agosto, causando un danno politico devastante a Nixon.
Il 13 luglio, il vice consigliere del Comitato Watergate Donald G. Sanders chiese ad Alexander Butterfield , vice assistente al presidente, se ci fosse un qualche tipo di sistema di registrazione alla Casa Bianca.
Butterfield rispose che sebbene fosse riluttante a dirlo, c'era un sistema che automaticamente registrava ogni cosa nello Studio Ovale.
Le asserzioni di malfunzionamento del governo indussero Nixon alla famosa frase, "non sono un imbroglione" I'm not a crook , il 17 novembre di fronte a editori dell' Associated Press riuniti al Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.
Queste confermavano largamente il resoconto di Dean e causarono ulteriore imbarazzo quando si venne a sapere che era stata cancellata una parte cruciale di 18 minuti e mezzo di un nastro, che non era mai stato fuori dalla custodia della Casa Bianca.
A ogni modo, viste le foto che riempivano le pagine dei giornali, il tentativo di rispondere al telefono e contemporaneamente schiacciare il pedale avrebbe richiesto uno stiramento quantomeno da ginnasta professionista.
La donna disse che aveva mantenuto quella posizione per 18 minuti e mezzo. Il 28 gennaio , uno dei collaboratori reso noto per la campagna di Nixon, Herbert Porter , ammise pubblicamente le proprie colpe per l'accusa di aver dato falsa testimonianza all' FBI durante la prima fase delle indagini sullo scandalo Watergate.
La scoperta di questa cassetta venne definita dalla stampa "una vera e propria pistola ancora fumante". Con poche eccezioni, le defezioni tra le file dei pochi sostenitori rimasti di Nixon furono complete.
Altri progetti. Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. Bob Woodward in una immagine del Carl Bernstein in una immagine del Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia.
Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1 , 2. URL consultato l'8 gennaio URL consultato l'8 gennaio archiviato dall' url originale il 27 maggio Farrell, Richard Nixon.
The life. Dean, The Nixon defence , pp. Bernstein, Tutti gli uomini del Presidente , pp. Bernstein, I giorni della fine , p.
Bernstein, I giorni della fine , pp. Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Mitchell exhausted their appeals in Ehrlichman entered prison in , followed by the other two in Since Nixon and many senior officials involved in Watergate were lawyers, the scandal severely tarnished the public image of the legal profession.
The Watergate scandal resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty, including: [14]. To defuse public demand for direct federal regulation of lawyers as opposed to leaving it in the hands of state bar associations or courts , the American Bar Association ABA launched two major reforms.
In it replaced it with the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Its preamble contains an emphatic reminder that the legal profession can remain self-governing only if lawyers behave properly.
The requirement remains in effect. On June 24 and 25, , Nixon gave secret testimony to a grand jury. Aided by the Public Citizen Litigation Group , the historian Stanley Kutler , who has written several books about Nixon and Watergate and had successfully sued for the public release of the Nixon White House tapes , [] sued for release of the transcripts of the Nixon grand jury testimony.
On July 29, , U. District Judge Royce Lamberth granted Kutler's request, saying historical interests trumped privacy, especially considering that Nixon and other key figures were deceased, and most of the surviving figures had testified under oath, have been written about, or were interviewed.
The transcripts were not immediately released pending the government's decision on whether to appeal. In June the U.
Department of Justice wrote the court that it would not object to their release with some exceptions. According to Thomas J. Johnson, a professor of journalism at University of Texas at Austin , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted during Nixon's final days that history would remember Nixon as a great president and that Watergate would be relegated to a "minor footnote".
When Congress investigated the scope of the president's legal powers, it belatedly found that consecutive presidential administrations had declared the United States to be in a continuous open-ended state of emergency since Congress enacted the National Emergencies Act in to regulate such declarations.
The Watergate scandal left such an impression on the national and international consciousness that many scandals since then have been labeled with the " -gate suffix ".
Disgust with the revelations about Watergate, the Republican Party, and Nixon strongly affected results of the November Senate and House elections , which took place three months after Nixon's resignation.
The Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and forty-nine in the House the newcomers were nicknamed " Watergate Babies ".
Congress passed legislation that changed campaign financing , to amend the Freedom of Information Act , as well as to require financial disclosures by key government officials via the Ethics in Government Act.
Other types of disclosures, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected, though not legally required. Presidents since Franklin D.
Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations but the practice purportedly ended after Watergate. Ford's pardon of Nixon played a major role in his defeat in the presidential election against Jimmy Carter.
In , Nixon arranged an interview with British journalist David Frost in the hope of improving his legacy.
Based on a previous interview in , [] he believed that Frost would be an easy interviewer and was taken aback by Frost's incisive questions.
The interview displayed the entire scandal to the American people, and Nixon formally apologized, but his legacy remained tarnished. In the aftermath of Watergate, " follow the money " became part of the American lexicon and is widely believed to have been uttered by Mark Felt to Woodward and Bernstein.
The phrase was never used in the book All the President's Men and did not become associated with it until the movie of the same name was released in The parking garage where Woodward and Felt met in Rosslyn still stands.
Its significance was noted by Arlington County with a historical marker in Despite the enormous impact of the Watergate scandal, the purpose of the break-in of the DNC offices has never been conclusively established.
Records from the United States v. Liddy trial, made public in , showed that four of the five burglars testified that they were told the campaign operation hoped to find evidence that linked Cuban funding to Democratic campaigns.
Baldwin III's list of targets that was released in Anthony Lukas of the New York Times , who had concluded that the committee was seeking to find evidence linking the Democrats to prostitution, as it was alleged that Oliver's office had been used to arrange such meetings.
However, Nichter acknowledged that Woodward and Bernstein's theory of O'Brien as the target could not be debunked unless information was released about what Baldwin heard in his bugging of conversations.
In , O'Brien was appointed by Vice President Hubert Humphrey to serve as the national director of Humphrey's presidential campaign and, separately, by Howard Hughes to serve as Hughes' public-policy lobbyist in Washington.
O'Brien was elected national chairman of the DNC in and In late , the president's brother, Donald Nixon , was collecting intelligence for his brother at the time and asked John H.
Meier , an adviser to Howard Hughes, about O'Brien. The loan's existence surfaced during the presidential election campaign, embarrassing Richard Nixon and becoming a political liability.
According to author Donald M. Bartlett, Richard Nixon would do whatever was necessary to prevent another family embarrassment. Hughes wanted Donald Nixon and Meier involved but Nixon opposed this.
Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because they had considerable information on Richard Nixon's illicit dealings with Hughes that had never been released, and that it resided with Larry O'Brien.
James F. Neal , who prosecuted the Watergate 7, did not believe Nixon had ordered the break-in because of Nixon's surprised reaction when he was told about it.
Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam referred to the American presidency's "parlous position" without the direct wording of the Watergate scandal during Question Time in May Chinese then-Premier Zhou Enlai said in October that the scandal did not affect the relations between China and the United States.
He further said, "Do Americans really want to go isolationist? In the two world wars , the Americans came [in] very late, but all the same, they did come in.
They haven't been isolationist in practice. Tanaka further said, "The pivotal role of the United States has not changed, so this internal affair will not be permitted to have an effect.
It was this attitude, I think, that rescued American democracy. Lee said further that the United States "makes the future of this peace in Indonesia an extremely bleak one with grave consequence for the contiguous states".
Lee then blamed the scandal for economic inflation in Singapore because the Singapore dollar was pegged to the United States dollar at the time, assuming the U.
In June , when Chairman Leonid Brezhnev arrived in the United States to have a one-week meeting with Nixon, [] Brezhnev told the press, "I do not intend to refer to that matter—[the Watergate].
It would be completely indecent for me to refer to it My attitude toward Mr. Nixon is of very great respect.
Nixon has lost or gained any influence because of the affair. Heath did not publicly display his anger, with aides saying that he was unconcerned about having been bugged at the White House.
According to officials, Heath commonly had notes taken of his public discussions with Nixon so a recording would not have bothered him. However, officials privately said that if private talks with Nixon were bugged, then Heath would be outraged.
Even so, Heath was privately outraged over being taped without his prior knowledge. McGoff, said in January that the media overemphasized the scandal, though he called it "an important issue", overshadowing more serious topics, like a declining economy and an energy crisis.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 2 November For the buildings, see Watergate complex.
For other uses, see Watergate disambiguation. Political scandal that occurred in the United States in the s. For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of the Watergate scandal.
Watergate complex. Nixon Resignation speech Inauguration of Gerald Ford. Watergate burglars. McCord Jr. Frank Sturgis. White House. Haldeman E.
Howard Hunt Egil Krogh G. Gordon Liddy Gordon C. Strachan Rose Mary Woods. Intelligence community. Mark Felt " Deep Throat " L. Rodino U. Senate Watergate Committee Impeachment process.
Frank Wills security guard James F. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. March Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Nixon White House tapes.
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